Fig. 5

Fed-batch fermentation profiles of different engineered strains without pH adjustment. (a) Fed-batch fermentation profile of the initial strain Hi-SA2 in a 5-L bioreactor. (b) Fed-batch fermentation profile of the evolved strain E501 in a 5-L bioreactor. (c) Fed-batch fermentation profile of the engineered strain E501XF in a 5-L bioreactor. (d) Comparison of SA titer, SA yield and cell growth within 48Â h of fermentation